Linux

dd

Sequential write

$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img bs=1G count=1 oflag=direct status=progress

Sequential read

$ sudo dd if=test.img of=/dev/null bs=1G iflag=direct status=progress

directbypasses cache for more realistic results

hdparm

$ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

-T cached read

-t disk read

fio

ioping